CCT251545 analogue This material is the product of work supp

This material is the product of work supported by the VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA. Dr. Schure is supported by VA Postdoctoral FellowshipTPP 61-028. Dr. Wong is supported by VA Career Development AwardCDA 13-024. The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the position or policy of the University of Washington, the Department of Veterans Affairs or the U.S. Government.
Introduction Alcohol industry has been expanding into emerging markets in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, and recent research suggests that this expansion has had alarming effects on youth (Jernigan & Rushman, 2014; World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2015). For example, Taiwan opened its alcohol market to international alcohol industries in 1987. Since then, new alcoholic products have been introduced to the Taiwanese market and alcohol industries have launched various marketing approaches to reach younger population (Euromonitor International, 2014). Recent national surveys in Taiwan indicated the percentage of lifetime alcohol consumption among middle school students increased ten percentage points in just 4 years, from 55% in 2006 to 65% in 2010 (Health Promotion Administration, 2010). The incidence rate of alcohol consumption among middle school students also increased from 14% in 2004 to 18% in 2005 (Chen et al., 2009). The combination of rapidly expanding global alcohol marketing combined with the increasing prevalence of underage alcohol use underscores the urgent need to investigate multilevel contexts to underage drinking in emerging alcohol markets (World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2015). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), alcohol use is the greatest contributor to disability and mortality among individuals aged 10–24 years globally (Gore et al., 2011; Rehm, Taylor, & Room, 2006). Early CCT251545 analogue of alcohol use increases the risks of a variety of problematic behaviors, both in the short- (e.g., school dropout, delinquent behaviors) and long-term (e.g., subsequent problem drinking, other substance use) (Windle et al., 2009; Zucker, Donovan, Masten, Mattson, & Moss, 2009). Adolescence, the period when alcohol initiation escalates, is a transitional developmental stage characterized by changes in, and increased exposure to, social contexts outside the home (Cook, Herman, Phillips, & Settersten, 2002). According to the social ecological framework of human development (Bronfenbrenner, 1979), adolescent behaviors, including alcohol consumption, are greatly affected by influences operating at multiple layers of the social context, including place-based social and built environments and the media environment (Anderson, de Bruijn, Angus, Gordon, & Hastings, 2009; Bryden, Roberts, McKee, & Petticrew, 2012; Bryden, Roberts, Petticrew, & McKee, 2013; Jackson, Denny, & Ameratunga, 2014). Prior research investigating the effects of multiple layers of context on underage drinking has primarily been conducted in the West (Bryden et al., 2012, 2013). Because of the rapid expansion of global alcohol marketing in Asia, Taiwanese society has experienced large increases in alcohol availability and alcohol marketing (Euromonitor International, 2014; World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2015). For example, the price of alcoholic beverages has decreased and global alcohol companies (e.g., Heineken, SABMiller) have gradually gained a greater share of the domestic market (Euromonitor International, 2014). Guided by the social ecological framework, this study investigates whether place-based environments and media environments affect adolescent alcohol initiation and continuation in Taipei, Taiwan. We focus on three types of place-based environments that are important to underage drinking behaviors: social, alcohol access, and institutional resource environments.
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